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Immunotherapies targeting specific pathological pathways in the brain have been developed for NDs like PD and AD

Likewise, ATF6 enhances cytoprotective UPR genes such as Grp78 and Xbp1 during acute stress, but under chronic lipotoxicity, it preferentially targets inflammatory and lipid metabolic genes to amplify macrophage inflammation (156)

In some experimental designs, researchers also explore other peptide blends

Although small-molecule ferroptosis inhibitors, such as liproxstatin-1 and ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1), have been shown to protect against AKI (14, 15), the detailed pathogenic mechanisms of ferroptosis in the transition of AKI to CKD remain elusive

Crucially, this study identified profound sex-specific differences in how this oxidative stress manifests