A review of global health data underscores the gravity of the situation: cardiovascular diseases have become the leading cause of global mortality, accounting for nearly 18 million deaths annually (Roth et al., 2020)

Supporting this model, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from women with chronic pelvic pain release significantly greater amounts of IL-1 following lipopolysaccharide-induced TLR4 activation, compared with pain-free controls, indicating a state of peripheral immune hyper-responsiveness and systemic neuroimmune sensitization ( versus ectopic tissue implantation (Tsamantioti and Mahdy, 2025), both disorders exhibit abnormal endometrial progesterone signaling and chronic inflammatory signaling that may converge on a shared neuroimmune axis driving pelvic pain ( 4.5 Oxidative stress and pain sensitization There is growing evidence that oxidative stress may be involved in the multifactorial pathophysiology of PCOS, as it can synergize with heightened levels of basal proinflammatory signaling molecules to worsen the disease (Zeber-Lubecka et al., 2023)
Huang D, Wang Y, Thompson JW,Yin T, Alexander PB,Qin D,Mudgal P, Wu H,Liang Y
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As a scavenger of toxic free radicals, GSNO is 100-fold more potent in neutralizing ROS than GSH and is further metabolized by an evolutionary conserved enzyme S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) at the expense of NADH to generate GSSG and ammonia (Figure 3)