Methods A targeted literature search of experimental and clinical studies was performed, focusing on angiogenesis-related mechanisms in neurodegeneration and the effects of antiangiogenic compounds on neuronal and vascular function
Free Radical Biol Med 199:5666 Bhadwal S, Sharma S, Singh D (2024) Interactive effects of selenium and arsenic on phenolic constituents and antioxidant activity in rice ( Oryza sativa L.)
This endothelial damage exposes underlying collagen, which triggers platelet hyperactivation and the persistent formation of these microclots
References Tremblay, J
Its presentation is characteristic and tends to affect the skin, mucous membranes, and eyes: Angular cheilitis cracking and soreness at the corners of the mouth is one of the most classic signs of B2 deficiency Glossitis and stomatitis inflammation of the tongue and oral mucosa, sometimes with a magenta discolouration Seborrheic dermatitis a scaly, inflamed skin condition affecting the face, particularly around the nose and ears Eye symptoms photosensitivity, redness, burning, and a sensation of grittiness or irritation Hair and nail changes hair thinning and increased brittleness can occur, as riboflavin deficiency impairs normal keratin metabolism and sebaceous gland regulation Neurological symptoms fatigue, dizziness, insomnia, and concentration difficulties may accompany more significant deficiency Those at elevated risk of riboflavin deficiency include vegans and strict vegetarians, elderly individuals, people with malabsorptive gastrointestinal conditions, heavy alcohol users (alcohol impairs B2 absorption and utilisation), and women taking oral contraceptives (which can reduce riboflavin bioavailability)
