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The process of acetylation shields the thiol group from oxidation prior to absorption, ensuring that once inside the cell, S-Acetyl-L-glutathione is hydrolyzed by cytoplasmic thioesterases, thereby replenishing the intracellular GSH pool

On the one hand, excessive ROS generation is involved in the process of chondrocyte growth inhibition and apoptosis promotion through signaling pathways, such as PI3K/AKT and p38 pathways (238, 239)

The species-specific constants can be obtained as the product of total species concentration and the relative abundance of the respective microspecies

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