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doi: 10.3892/etm.2021.10215 279 XiongJ.GaoY.LiX.LiK.LiQ.ShenJ.et al

BPC-157 (Body Protection Compound-157) is a synthetic 15-amino-acid peptide derived from a naturally occurring protein fragment found in human gastric juice

The ratio of GSH to GSSG within cells is often used as a measure of cellular oxidative stress

NADPH oxidase in macrophages produces large amounts of O 2 defense against pathogens and other invaders [12]), cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase, xanthine oxidase XO (XO activity is a source of superoxide anions in the extracellular space of skeletal muscle [13]), cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase/cytochrome P450 reductase, and electron transport chains, peroxisomes, nuclear membranes, and cytoplasmic membranes found in the endoplasmic reticulum, all converting O 2 to superoxide

First, clarifying the isoform-specific roles of AMPK, particularly AMPK1 versus AMPK2 in distinct cardiac cell types, is essential for understanding the context-dependent nature of metformins effects