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Raw data were directly loaded into Peaks Studio 11 software (Bioinformatics Solutions Inc., Canada), which enables peptide and protein identification, de novo peptide sequencing, and database searches

In addition to stimulating SMAD2/3 phosphorylation, recent studies described that GDF11 can strongly activate SMAD1/5/9 phosphorylation in endothelial cells and osteoblasts to promote their proliferation and differentiation, respectively 26,27

ClinicalTrials.gov (2025) 12

Phase 2, Proliferation (Days 5-21): BPC-157 drives fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis

Most bruises are harmless and improve over days to weeks, but certain features merit immediate evaluation or emergency care