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Defining the nuanced nature of redox biomarkers in post-traumatic stress disorder

Free Radic Biol Med 38:14131421

Morphological characteristics include reducing or disappearing mitochondrial cristae, small mitochondria with condensed mitochondrial membrane densities, and outer mitochondrial membrane rupture

Ibrahim MA, Ashour OM, Ibrahim YF, El-Bitar HI, Gomaa W, Abdel-Rahim SR

Chronic oxidative stress is linked to a wide range of diseases, including: Cardiovascular disease : ROS damage endothelial cells lining blood vessels, promoting atherosclerosis and hypertension.[9] Neurodegenerative disorders : Oxidative damage to neurons is a key driver in conditions like Alzheimers, Parkinsons and ALS.[10] Diabetes and insulin resistance : Oxidative stress impairs insulin signaling and worsens glycemic control.[10] Cancer : DNA mutations caused by free radical damage may initiate or accelerate tumor development.[11] Autoimmune conditions : Oxidative stress can trigger inflammatory pathways, contributing to immune dysregulation.[9] Even outside of these conditions, oxidative stress contributes to fatigue, slower recovery, immune suppression and premature aging at the cellular level