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Serums vs Other Formats Serums are the most common format for topical copper peptides

Through the presence of divalent metal transporter protein 1 (DMT1, also known as soluble protein carrier [SLC11A2]) and ZRT,IRT-related protein 14 (ZIP14, also known as SLC39A14), Fe 2+ can be transferred into the cytoplasm as an unstable iron pool (LIP) (72)

Heavy oil-based vehicles can exclude the hydrophilic peptide from the aqueous phase, reducing effective surface bioavailability

Oily skin types benefit from lightweight, non-comedogenic copper peptide serums and pairing with oil-free hydrators

Hair quality improves with thicker individual strands