glutathione and breat cancer cells Catabolism of extracellular supplies cysteine to support tumours Glutathione-Dependent Pathways in Cancer Cells

It thus involves well-regulated mechanisms mainly executed by macrophages in the whole body [222]

Biological compounds can be classified into different categories based on their chemical composition, containing polyphenols, terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, etc., all of which have an undeniable ability to induce ferroptosis in tumors

These ions subsequently interact with membrane phospholipids and proteins, enhancing permeability and triggering localized membrane disruption and cytoplasmic leakage (Ren et al., 2025)

Within this inflammatory milieu, a complex network of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and immune cells orchestrates activities that promote tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and immune evasion [8,9,10]

Generation of tolerogenic dendritic cells using lactobacillus rhamnosus and lactobacillus delbrueckii as tolerogenic probiotics