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Through directly neutralizing the free radicals, regenerating other endogenous antioxidants (such as glutathione, vitamins C and E, and coenzyme Q10), and chelating the redox-active metal ions (e.g., Fe 2+ ), ALA could mitigate the Fenton reaction-mediated oxidative damage, thereby amplifying its powerful anti-oxidative activity (1315)

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Sublingual and transdermal formulations have shown negligible absorption in bioavailability studies, making injection the only viable route for these compounds

Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity of the deficiency