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Several factors can impair B12 absorption: Reduced stomach acid production (achlorhydria or hypochlorhydria), common in older adults and those taking proton pump inhibitors or H2-receptor antagonists long-term, impairs the release of B12 from food proteins Pernicious anaemia , an autoimmune condition destroying parietal cells and reducing intrinsic factor production, completely blocks the primary absorption pathway Gastrointestinal disorders including Crohn's disease, coeliac disease, or surgical removal of stomach or ileum sections directly damage absorption sites Metformin , commonly prescribed for type 2 diabetes, may reduce B12 absorption through unclear mechanisms

Such areas include stress management and sleep management

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Research shows B12 helps sperm in several ways: It improved sperm motility by about 50% after eight weeks of methylcobalamin treatment (1500 g/day) [17] Sperm DNA showed 22.1% less fragmentation after taking multivitamins with B12 [17] Sperm survived better during freezing when scientists added 2 mg/ml vitamin B12 to the storage medium [18] B12 supports male reproductive function in multiple ways, including reducing oxidative stress in seminal fluid

So, if some clinics have raised their minimum suggested B12 levels to 500550 pg/mL, does that mean the average kid in some countries is B12 deficient